GSTM1 and thalassemia: During the study period, a total of 125 cases were recruited and met the inclusion criteria: 93 cases in the control group (normal) and 32 cases in the study group (thalassemia minor), which included three subgroups: alpha0-thalassemia trait (11 cases), beta-thalassemia trait (11 cases), and Hb E trait (10 cases).