MGD has been demonstrated to ameliorate neuronal damage in the brains of Wilson’s disease model mice induced by copper overload through two distinct mechanisms: by regulating the Cyt c/caspase signaling pathway through facilitating the excretion of excess copper and suppressing the expression of Cyt c, Caspase-9, and caspase-3 in neurons; and concurrently by downregulating the mRNA and protein expression levels of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), ceramide (Cer), and p38 MAPK in the ceramide signaling pathway (Xu et al., 2017b). This evidence concerns the gene SMPD1 and Wilson disease.