CASP3 and Wilson disease: MGD has been demonstrated to ameliorate neuronal damage in the brains of Wilson’s disease model mice induced by copper overload through two distinct mechanisms: by regulating the Cyt c/caspase signaling pathway through facilitating the excretion of excess copper and suppressing the expression of Cyt c, Caspase-9, and caspase-3 in neurons; and concurrently by downregulating the mRNA and protein expression levels of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), ceramide (Cer), and p38 MAPK in the ceramide signaling pathway (Xu et al., 2017b).