AFP and neoplasm: Conversely, the TCM + ICIs group showed lower levels of tumor markers, including Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) (SMD: 0.75 [-1.49, −0.01]), Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) (SMD: 0.72 [-1.08, −0.37]), Carbohydrate Antigen 125 (CA125) (SMD: 0.77 [-1.46, −0.08]), and a reduced incidence of adverse events (RR: 0.82 [0.69, 0.97]).