CASP1 and inflammation: Notably, NET-derived DAMPs, including cf-DNA, perpetuate renal inflammation by activating the TLR4/NLRP3 inflammasome axis, which triggers caspase-1-dependent cytokine maturation and establishes a self-amplifying “NETs–inflammasome–tissue injury” loop, a hallmark of progressive kidney damage (Nakazawa et al., 2017).