HIF1A and Sepsis: Based on the above-mentioned viewpoints, this paper will systematically elaborate on the mechanisms by which sepsis induces gut microbiota dysbiosis and the imbalance of its metabolite homeostasis, and focus on analyzing how key signaling pathways such as hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) mediate the metabolic and functional abnormalities of lung immune cells.