BDNF and schizophrenia: This is consistent with the research results of Xu et al.17 and Szota et al.18 In schizophrenia patients, GFAP serves as a biomarker of abnormal activation of glial cells.17,19 Studies also show that schizophrenia is associated with lower levels of BDNF, which plays a crucial role in the survival, differentiation, and synaptic plasticity of neurons.18,20 Risperidone and MECT can inhibit the overactivation of glial cells through different mechanisms.