IAPP and Alzheimer disease: Early stages of T2D andAD are characterized primarily by oligomers.As these diseases progress, oligomers aggregate into larger, morestructured amyloid fibrils.Invitro studies have demonstrated that amylin oligomers inthe early stages of T2D are toxic, inducing apoptosis in pancreaticβ-cells.,−, ,  Similarly, Aβ oligomersin AD have been shown to disrupt synaptic transmission, ultimatelyleading to neuron death.,, These findings highlight the urgent need for early-stage interventionstargeting the oligomeric peptide forms to mitigate the most damagingimpacts on cellular health effectively.