INS and Alzheimer disease: Furthermore, it directlyregulates Aβ levels, thereby preventing its excessive accumulationin the brain. However, studies on insulin-likegrowth factors and their receptors have demonstrated abnormalitiesin insulin signaling among patients with AD. This connection between insulin dysfunction and cognitive declinehas led researchers to refer to AD as “type 3 diabetes”,underscoring the shared pathologies of insulin signaling disturbancesfound in both dementia and diabetes.−, ,