GCG and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: This explains why dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists such as cotadutide, by synergistically activating both pathways, can not only significantly lower blood glucose but also more effectively reduce body weight and improve hepatic steatosis and inflammation, making them promising therapies for the comorbidity of T2DM, obesity, and MAFLD (97).