It can upregulate transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1) via the DAG–PKC pathway and promote Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) activation as well as fibronectin deposition in glomerular mesangial cells, subsequently leading to basement membrane thickening, glomerulosclerosis, microalbuminuria, and renal fibrosis [70, 71]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and renal fibrosis.