TGFB1 and celiac disease: Similar to autoimmune thyroid disease and type 1 DM, the heightened susceptibility to celiac disease in TS patients is thought to result from X chromosome haploinsufficiency, maternal origin of the X chromosome, increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-6), and reduced anti-inflammatory cytokines (including IL-10 and TGF-β) [2].