Protein-protein interaction network construction using STRING database (https://cn.string-db.org/) (Fig. 1g) and clustering coefficient analysis identified top hub genes (Fig. 1h), among which ROC curve analysis of the GSE3015920 dataset demonstrated SIRT5 and NPR3 as significant osteoporosis risk predictors (Fig. 1i, Fig. S3a). The gene discussed is NPR3; the disease is osteoporosis.