In cells transfected with the miR-21-5p inhibitor, treatment with 20 μg/ml NSCLC-PE-sEVs reversed these effects, resulting in downregulation of PTEN (Fig. 8a) and PDCD4 (Fig. 8b), and upregulation of MMP9 (Fig. 8c). Here, PTEN is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.