To assess the applicability of the TSC1-KDM5A-METTL3-IGF2BP2-GYS2 axis for TSC patients, Tsc1+/−, Tsc2+/− and Tsc1+/−/Tsc2+/− mice were bred (Fig. S7a–c), and tumorigenicity assays in nude mice were conducted for further validation. Here, GYS2 is linked to tuberous sclerosis.