AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: Additionally, AFP, an established biomarker for HCC screening, diagnosis, and surveillance, demonstrated some predictive value for dual positivity, with patients showing a significantly more dual-positive status also exhibiting serum AFP levels > 400 ng/ml.Other established markers such as Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (DCP) and AFP-L3 fraction have shown promising value in HCC diagnosis and prognosis prediction [29].