Other infections can similarly induce trained immunity: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection of primary monocytes enhance their response to subsequent Escherichia coli (E. coli) challenge as well as increased production of NF-kβ specific proteins such as p65/RelA leading to an enhanced response to an LPS challenge (Frauenlob et al., 2023); S. aureus primes macrophages for protection against E coli challenge (Carlile et al., 2024); and Streptococcus pneumoniae GM-CSF-dependent macrophage training for protection against diverse pathogens (Xu et al., 2024). The gene discussed is RELA; the disease is infection.