MTOR and inflammatory bowel disease: Similarly, glycolytic and mitochondrial pathways (via AKT–mTOR–HIF-1α) sustain hyperinflammatory phenotypes in RA, SLE, and IBD and can be countered by adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators such as metformin or by mTOR inhibitors such as rapamycin (Municio and Criado, 2020).