TNF and Lyme disease: Other environmental exposures, such as Borrelia burgdorferi infection produces a tissue-wide, glycolysis-dependent memory-like state in macrophages with reduced TNF-α (Barriales et al., 2021), whereas HDM exposure confers protection against Ascaris by reprogramming BM progenitors and increased CCL17 and cysteinyl-leukotriene via TNF-dependent priming of human monocyte-derived and murine progenitor cells (Lechner et al., 2022).