MAPK8 and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 4: The Drosophila innate immune system comprises both cellular and humoral components andutilizes multiple signalling pathways, including the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), Toll, and Immune deficiency (Imd) pathways (reviewed in [7–9]).