Recent studies have shown that elevated NT-proBNP (≥125 pg/ml) is associated with increased risks of atrial fibrillation (HR 4.64, 95% CI 2.44–8.85, p < 0.001), coronary heart disease (HR 4.21, 95% CI 2.46–7.21, p < 0.001), congestive heart failure (HR 4.18, 95% CI 2.18–8.03, p < 0.001), and kidney failure (C-index 0.88, 95% CI 0.84–0.92) (152). Here, NPPB is linked to atrial fibrillation.