CD4 and infection: Individual trials showed positive impacts: Ida et al. (17) had fewer infections postoperatively and lower IL-6 and CRP with perioperative immunonutrition; Liu et al. (7) had fewer infections on the application of probiotics during neoadjuvant chemotherapy; Ma et al. (8) had higher CD4/CD8 ratio and lower CRP after gastrectomy with immunonutrition; Yang et al. (13) with EN, PN, and ω-3 combined post-gastrectomy increased IgA and decreased IL-6; and Yu et al. (14) with perioperative immunonutrition in cachectic patients had better albumin levels and decreased CRP.