Among these, 10 hub MitRGs (ACACA, DTYMK, ECI1, FLAD1, HTRA2, PAICS, PRDX6, SPTLC2, TXNRD1, and UQCRH) demonstrated significant upregulation in HCC tissues compared to healthy liver samples (Supplementary Figure S2A, Supplementary Table S3). Here, FLAD1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.