SphK2 promotes carcinogenic transformation through epigenetic mechanisms: localized in the cell nucleus, SphK2 catalyzes the production of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which enhances histone acetylation (such as modulating histone acetyltransferase activity), altering the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes and oncogenes (e.g., c-Myc), thereby driving liver lipid metabolism disorder and HCC deterioration (35). The gene discussed is SPHK2; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.