Moreover, tumor-associated macrophages (particularly the M2 subtype) have been shown to express higher levels of glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor in pancreatic cancer compared to other macrophage subtypes (Cavel et al., 2012), and M2 macrophages express molecules that influence neoplastic proliferation through fibroblast growth factors (FGF) and epidermal growth factors (EGF) (P Allavena and Mantovani, 2012; Mitsudomi and Yatabe, 2010; Turner and Grose, 2010). This evidence concerns the gene EGF and pancreatic neoplasm.