Furthermore, DPN patients exhibited lower lymphocyte counts, hemoglobin, albumin, and total cholesterol levels, alongside elevated neutrophil counts, bilirubin, serum creatinine, uric acid, and LDH, which may reflect a systemic milieu of inflammation, oxidative stress, nutritional deficiency, and subclinical organ dysfunction—all contributing factors in the pathogenesis of DPN (19, 21). Here, ALB is linked to nutritional deficiency disease.