GSTM1 and anemia (phenotype): Nepal’s national guidelines, including the National Strategy for the Control of Anemia Among Women and Children in Nepal [12], the ANC-to-PNC-continuum-of-care-guideline [14], and National Medical Standards for Maternal and Newborn Care – Volume III, 2020 [15], recommend daily IFA prophylaxis for all pregnant women and therapeutic supplementation for severe anemia (Hb < 7.9 g/dL).