INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Sympathetic hyperactivity is a representative pathophysiological change of T2D, promoting hepatic gluconeogenesis and inhibiting insulin secretion, both of which contribute to hyperglycemia.6 Beyond its metabolic role, sympathetic overactivity also aggravates cardiovascular, renal, and inflammatory complications, making it a unifying target for intervention under the context of T2D.7 Therapeutics targeting the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) have been studied across various diseases.