A recent study that combined a low-affinity IL-2 coupled to an anti-PD-1 antibody successfully enhanced anti-tumour immunity by tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes,71 and the immunological mechanisms that likely underpin pomalidomide-associated immune enhancement are not dissimilar, further implicating the BATF3/IL2-Rα/IL-2/PD-1 pathway in the effects observed on HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells in the presence of cognate HIV antigen. Here, BATF3 is linked to neoplasm.