IGF1 and neoplasm: During increased osteolysis, tumor growth-promoting factors such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) are released from the bone matrix (Clezardi et al., 2007; Clines and Aguise, 2008; Haider et al., 2022).