TLRs signaling leads to activation of NF-kB, AP-1, MAPK pathway and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) to induce pro-inflammatory cytokines as TNF, IL-1β, IL-6 and INF and it has been shown that altered TLR expression is closely associated with RA, as summarized recently (Botos and Davies, 2011; Kawasaki and Kawai, 2014; Cui Sun et al., 2024; Unterberger et al., 2021). Here, IL1B is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.