TNF and Cognitive impairment: In 2VO rats, this formula (500 mg/kg, 42 days) improved cognitive impairment in Morris water maze, ameliorated white matter lesions and reduced neuron loss in the cortex and hippocampus, decreased the release of IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-33 in the cerebrospinal fluid and in plasma (Yan et al., 2022).