TNF and Cognitive impairment: Andrographolide (10 mg/kg, ip, 4 weeks) improved CCH-induced cognitive deficits and hippocampal apoptosis, inhibited astrocyte activation and decreased the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β caspase-3 in the hippocampus, while alleviated 2VO-induced decreases in the expression of BDNF and TrkB (Wang et al., 2019).