From a clinical perspective, our combined model demonstrated strong calibration and net benefit for predicting intracranial response to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in NSCLC patients with BMs in this retrospective analysis, supporting its potential as a decision-support tool to help clinicians tailor personalized immunotherapy regimens, thereby reducing ineffective treatments and immune-related toxicities. Here, CD274 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.