These studies reveal three major regulatory patterns: (1) pro-inflammatory ncRNAs that activate NF-κB and STAT3 pathways to drive M1 polarization; (2) protective ncRNAs that inhibit inflammation and prevent emphysema formation; and (3) metabolic ncRNAs that modulate lipid metabolism and cellular stress responses. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is pulmonary emphysema.