VEGFA and ovarian carcinoma: Other mechanisms that promote the development and progression of prostate, breast and ovarian cancers by PFOS include down-regulation of PTEN and GSK-3-β, as well as activation of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signalling node, c-MYC, WNT1, β-catenin, N-Cadherin, Vimentin, VEGF, MMP-2/9, and pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines [42,43].