Furthermore, obesity is associated with chronic inflammation and elevated levels of cytokines, such as TNF-α, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and adipokines (e.g., leptin), which support tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and TME modulation [46]. Here, TNF is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.