TNF and infection: Researchers confirmed that infection with pathogenic bacteria enhances NF-κB nuclear translocation and increases the expression of its dependent genes, including the following cytokines/chemokines: TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2), and GM-CSF, as well as heme oxygenase-1 (HM0 × 1), lysyl oxidase (LOX), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), CCL20, calprotectin, and S100 calcium binding protein A8/A9 (S100A8/A9) components.