GPT and neoplasm: In multivariate analyses, all individual biomarkers and composite models remained independently associated with OS, except the Doylestown and aMAP models, after adjusting for covariates that demonstrated statistical significance in the univariate analyses (p < 0.05), including liver function indicators (Child–Pugh), history of variceal bleeding, laboratory (ALT, ALP, sodium), tumor burden (tumor size, number of lesions, presence of portal vein thrombosis, extrahepatic metastasis), and treatment category (curative, non-curative, or BSC) variables (Table 3).