MPA may also have direct effects on the oviductal/fallopian tube epithelium itself, but the protective effect of MPA does not appear to be due to nonspecific repression of cell proliferation, as MPA did not suppress the growth of established BPRN HGSC allografts or alter the proliferative index of oviductal epithelium based on Ki-67 expression (Cho lab, unpublished data), nor did it inhibit tumor development or progression in a mouse colon cancer GEMM. Here, MKI67 is linked to neoplasm.