LUAD EAF Sub-cohort: Aberrant cell growth is a hallmark of lung tumorigenesis, where dysregulation of oncogenic signaling cascades such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK promotes uncontrolled proliferation and tumor expansion; recent evidence highlights that targeting these hyperactivated growth pathways can suppress tumor progression and enhance therapeutic efficacy in NSCLC [69]. Here, MTOR is linked to neoplasm.