VCAM1 and neoplasm: In PAK1KO PC cells, the expression of ICAM-1 was not changed, while VCAM-1 was increased by about 150% (Figure 2c), suggesting that the increased ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in PAK1KO tumour tissues (Figure 2a,b) were predominantly induced in non-tumour stromal cells rather than tumour cells.