TGFB1 and neoplasm: Furthermore, the PI3K/AKT signal can directly or indirectly induce the epithelial–mesenchymal transition by modulating the expression of Twist, Snail, and E-cadherin, or through crosstalk with other signaling pathways such as TGF-β, NF-κB, Rat Sarcoma, and Wnt/β-catenin, ultimately promoting tumor cell migration and invasion [25].