It also induces endothelial dysfunction by upregulating vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) expressions and inducing C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and endothelin-1 from endothelial cells [36]. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and endothelial dysfunction.