In 2024, a Japanese study analyzed 229 patients with advanced or recurrent non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and preexisting systemic autoimmune diseases (SAID) treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI; anti–PD-1/PD-L1 and anti–CTLA-4) as a monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy (ChT) between 2010 and 2020. Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.