INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Although type 1 diabetes in not thought to be an autoantibody-mediated disease, the onset of hyperglycemia is preceded by seroconversion to type 1 diabetes-specific autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), insulin (IAA), islet antigen 2 (IA-2A), or the ZnT8 transporter (ZnT8A), followed by immune cell infiltration of the pancreatic islets, resulting in insulitis [15,16,17].