TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: Serum inflammatory cytokine measurements (Figure 5) revealed lower concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the SIN-LCNP group compared with the SIN group, indicating significant suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and alleviation of RA severity.