PPARGC1A and gestational diabetes: Myogenic ability has not been directly compared between GDM-MSCs and NG-MSCs; however, one study found that metformin may program GDM-UC-MSCs towards myogenic differentiation with increased expression of proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and increased abundance of myosin heavy chain in response to myogenic induction [22].