This complex cytokine signature is characteristic of chronic inflammatory microglial states and may reflect aberrant activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, which are master regulators of stress responses, immune activation, and cell survival, and are frequently upregulated in diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and other retinal pathologies [79,80,81]. Here, NFKB1 is linked to age-related macular degeneration.