Its capacity to prime innate immune responses through M1 macrophage polarization and cytokine upregulation (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) suggests that HO-1197 can reprogram the immunosuppressive HCC microenvironment toward a pro-inflammatory and immunostimulatory state [37]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma.