INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Approaches focusing on inducing new islets or modulating immune responses have been explored to re-establish endogenous insulin production; for example, localized expression of immunomodulatory factors such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in pancreatic islets has been shown to preserve β-cell mass and counteract autoimmunity in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, highlighting the potential of combining β-cell protection with insulin restoration to achieve durable normoglycemia in T1D models [7].