INS and gestational diabetes: Metabolic parameters were also markedly elevated in the GDM group, including fasting insulin (12.2 vs. 8.8 IU/mL; p = 0.001), HOMA-IR (2.8 vs. 1.7; p = 0.001), fasting triglycerides (213.98 vs. 183.20 mg/dL; p = 0.001), and the TyG index (9.1 vs. 8.9; p = 0.001).