In conclusion, the innate immune receptors TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8, and potential alarmins (i.e. HMGB-1, SAA, fibrinogen) are highly expressed in TABs of C-GCA patients, and the first two alarmins are also expressed in EC-GCA. This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and temporal arteritis.