IF staining of HMGB-1, a ligand of TLR2/TLR4, and RAGE (Park et al. 2004; Tian et al. 2007), showed that HMGB-1 was expressed in the media of TABs from controls, and that the level of expression increased gradually from PMR and EC-GCA to C-GCA samples (Fig. 2A). This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and temporal arteritis.