IRF1 and infection: Transcriptomic profiling of MPXV-infected MK2 cells at 7 h post-infection further revealed the upregulation of multiple guanylate-binding protein (GBP) family members, including GBP3, GBP5, GBP6, and GBP7, highlighting a broader antiviral gene program downstream of type I IFN–IRF1 signaling (Fig. 5G–K).