CD274 and hepatocellular carcinoma: CASC11 affects PD-L1 by activating NF-κB and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling through the EIF4A3/E2F1 pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma (Song H. et al., 2020), while HOTTIP induces IL-6 production, activating the IL-6/JAK/STAT3/PD-L1 pathway in neutrophils within the ovarian cancer microenvironment (Shang et al., 2019).