STAT3 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Although the direct binding of miR-197 to the PD-L1 3′UTR in OSCC cells requires further validation, studies in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) suggest a potential regulatory pathway involving miR-197, CKS1B (CDC28 protein kinase regulatory subunit 1B), and STAT3 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3), where miR-197 downregulation leads to increased CKS1B/STAT3 activity and subsequent PD-L1 upregulation (Fujita et al., 2015).